Bernabé Alberto, R. Adrados Francisco, Mendoza Julia. Manual of Indo-European Linguistics. Volume I

Part One: Introduction, by Alberto Bernabé. Part Two: Phonology, by Alberto Bernabé — Leuven. Paris. Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2010. — XXII, 353 p. — (Orbis / Supplementa, Tome 34). — ISBN 978-90-429-2225-9.Contents: Prologue. Abbreviations and conventional signs used in this work. Introduction: Indo-European: Brief History of a Hypothesis: Indo-European languages and Indo-European[/b]. Definitions. The bases for a hypothesis. [i]A brief history: The first formulations of the Indo-European hypothesis. The Neogrammarians. The limitations of the Neogrammarians. Methods of reconstruction: The historical-comparative method: Indo-European and reconstruction. Historical method and comparative method. Basic features of the historical-comparative method. Other complementary methods: Linguistic geography and areal linguistics. Structuralism. Typology. Generative grammar. Other methods that are harder to apply. Internal reconstruction. Other resources. Conclusion on working methods. The language we reconstruct: Initial optimism. Criticisms on the reality of the reconstructed language. More precise approaches. The dialects of Indo-European: Introduction. The Anatolian languages: Introduction . Hittite. Luwian, Hieroglyphic Luwian, and Lycian. Palaic and Lydian. The Indo-Iranian group: Introduction. Aryans in the Near East. Indic. Iranian. Greek and its dialects: Introduction. Mycenaean. The Greek dialects. Pelasgian and other possible Indo-European substrata of Greek. The problem of Macedonian. Latin and the Italic dialects: Introduction. Latin. Oscan. Umbrian. Other Italic languages. Germanic: Introduction. East Germanic: Gothic. The Nordic Group. West Germanic. Celtic: Introduction. Continental Celtic: Gaulish and Celtiberian. Insular Celtic. Gaelic: Irish. Brythonic. Armenian. Albanian. The Baltic Group: Introduction. Old Prussian. Lithuanian. Latvian. Slavic: Introduction. Old Church Slavonic. South Slavic. West Slavic. East Slavic. Tocharian. Other less recorded linguistic groups: Venetic. Illyrian. Lepontic. Messapic. Siculan. Thracian and Dacian. Phrygian. “Ancient European”. Working tools. Note on Indo-European lexicography: Indo-European lexicography: Introduction . Specific problems of the study of Indo-European lexicography . Diverse types of lexicographical studies: The instrumental treatment of the Indo-European lexicon. Specific lexicographical studies. Present and future dictionaries: Working tools. Suggestions for a future dictionary of Indo-European. Phonology: The reconstruction of the phonological system of Indo-European: Foundations: Sound law and analogy. Reflections on the complexity of phonetic change. Comparison and auxiliary methods. Contribution of experimental phonetics. Chronology of texts. Usual sound change. Impossibility of spontaneous split. Componential analysis. Diachronic phonology. Other methods. Presentation for this part of the book . The plosive subsystem: General remarks: The plosive phonemes. Consensus and disagreements in reconstructing. Our order of exposition. Correspondences: The labial phonemes. The dental phonemes. The dorsal phonemes. “Pure velars”. “Palatals”. Labiovelars. Problems encountered in the reconstruction of the subsystem of the plosives: Introduction. The data from Hittite. Reflexes of the Indo-European plosives in the Germanic languages: the Laws of Grimm and Verner. The existence of Indo-European /b/. Two or three series of dorsals? The geminated plosives. The voiceless aspirates. The problem of the voiced aspirates. The glottalic theory. The OI kṣ / Gr. κτ correspondence and other similar ones. Phonological description of the subsystem of the Indo-European plosives and their evolutionary tendencies: Phonological description. Different evolutionary tendencies in the subsystem of the plosives. /s/ and other possible sibilants: Description and treatments: The Indo-European sibilant. Geminate s. Treatments of /s/ in the diverse Indo-European languages. General tendencies of the evolution of the Indo-European sibilant: Initial s- before a consonant. So-called mobile s. Initial s before a vowel. Medial s before a consonant. s between vowels. Change of the sibilant after k, r, u, i. Other possible spirants. The treatment of consonants in contact: Introduction. Effects on the point of articulation. Effects on the manner of articulation. The tendency to reduce geminated consonants resulting from two similar consonants. Vocalism: The data for comparison: General remarks. Treatments of the vowels. Treatments of the diphthongs. Problems which arise in the study of Indo-European vocalism: General remarks. The Hittite vocalism. Apophony. The secondary nature of /a/. The long vowels. The “long diphthongs”. The origin of the e/o apophony. The problem of non-alternating /o/. An original subsystem with one single vowel? Alternative proposals on the ensemble of the vowel subsystem. Reduced vowel or vowels: schwa primum and schwa secundum. Conclusions. Changes in the syllabic structure: creation of new syllables through vocalization. Loss of syllables: Introduction: Phenomena affecting the syllabic structure. Towards a definition of the syllable. Creation of new vowels: Anaptyxis and supporting vowel. Rise of supporting vowels. Timbre of the supporting vowel. Vocalization of resonants. Vocalization of laryngeals. Other vocalizations. Vocalic prothesis.[/i] Loss of syllables[/i]: Dropping of syllables. Syncope. Haplology. The resonants: Generalities. Semi-vowels: Articulation. Treatments of vocalic i, u. Treatments of y, w. Rare and controversial treatments. The secondary character of long i, u. Hittite treatments. Sievers-Edgerton’s law. The so-called liquids: Introduction. Liquids acting as consonants. Geminated liquids. Particularities in word-initial position. Particularities in word-internal position. Particularities in word-final position. Resonants in vocalic function. Vocalizations of the type TRT. Vocalizations of the type TRE. Relative chronology of the vocalizations of TRT and TRE. Summary: a short phonemic description of the liquids. The laryngeals: Introduction: Problems in the study of laryngeals. Our approach to laryngeals. History of the problem: Saussure and the new approach to the problems of the Indo-European vocalic system. Indo-Semitic and the term “laryngeal”. A new frame of reference: Hittite. Laryngeals and the stem theory. The debate on the number of laryngeals. New paths: the laryngeals with appendix. A certain stagnation. Effects commonly attributed to the laryngeals (standard theories): The organization of this section. Laryngeal modifying the timbre of a following vowel. Alterations of the timbre and lengthening of preceding e/o. Lengthening of preceding i, u. Proposals on the aspiration of occlusives; possible sonorization of voiceless consonants. Proposals of hardening of H resulting in a velar occlusive. Proposals to explain the gemination of liquids, nasals, sibilants and semivowels next to laryngeals. Vocalization of laryngeals in roots in the zero grade. Word-initial laryngeal before resonant and consonant. Vocalization of resonant plus laryngeal (the so-called long resonants). Proposals regarding long diphthongs. The partial conservation of laryngeals in the Indo-European languages: the case of Hittite. The phonetic features assigned to laryngeals. Theory of laryngeals with appendix and related facts: Introduction. Phonological developments due to the presence of laryngeals with appendix, changes in the syllabic boundaries, or gemination of laryngeals. Word-initial laryngeal. Word-internal laryngeals. Word-final laryngeal. Some additional remarks: Metathesis of laryngeals. A brief evaluation of the various systems proposed. Notes on the loss of laryngeals. Phonological consequences of the loss of laryngeals. Morphological consequences of the loss of laryngeals. Accent: Accent and other suprasegmental features: Definition of accent. The function of accent. Accent in the Indo-European languages: General remarks. Accent in Vedic. Accent in Greek. Accent in the Baltic and Slavic languages. Accent in the proto-language: Non-accented words. Pitch or stress accent? Number of accents attributed to the proto-language. Placement of accent: free or fixed? Tendencies in the evolution of the Indo-European accent. The accent in nouns. The accent in verbs.