Bache Carl, Davidsen-Nielsen Niels. Mastering English: An Advanced Grammar for Non-native and Native Speakers

Mouton de Gruyter, 1997. — 553 p. — (Topics in English Linguistics). — ISBN 3110155354, 3110155362, 9783110155358.This grammar book offers a simple but comprehensive syntactic system which enables the student to analyze any sentence down to word level with a specification of both the form and the function of constituents at all levels. This analytic technique allows the student to approach the many grammatical problems in a consistent and revealing manner.The future of English linguistics as envisaged by the editors of Topics in English Linguistics lies in empirical studies which integrate work in English linguistics into general and theoretical linguistics on the one hand, and comparative linguistics on the other. The TiEL series features volumes that present interesting new data and analyses, and above all fresh approaches that contribute to the overall aim of the series, which is to further outstanding research in English linguistics.Preliminaries
Goals and framework
Organization
Data
Varieties of English
Standard English
Grammatical variation
Variation according to medium
English for Special Purposes
An introduction to syntax
The word
The sentence
Grammatical structure
Linearity and the principle of proximity
Constituency
Linguistic creativity and ambiguity
Competence and performance
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
Recapitulation
Elementary sentence analysis
The basic form and function approach
Form and function
Sentence functions
Four form types
Word classes
Simple complete analyses
Discontinuity
Sentence functions and sentence structures
The predicator
The subject
Basic sentence structures
More sentence structures
The direct object
The indirect object
The subject complement
The object complement
Adverbials
The internal structure of complex forms
The group
The preposition group
The compound unit
The clause
Embedding
Advanced sentence analysis
Stacking
Form stacks
Function stacks: predicates and predications
A final comment on stacking
Missing constituents, ellipsis and pro-forms
The zero convention
Types of ellipsis
Pro-forms
Complex predicators
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
Other complex predicators
The top of the tree
Exit Sent
Communicative functions
The forms of communicative functions
Non-declarative clauses
Block language
Vocatives, interjections and dislocation
A final word on advanced sentence analysis
Constituent orderFunctions of constituent order
Grammatical relations
Illocutionary value
Information structure
Inversion
Preliminaries
Full and partial subject-predicator inversion
Partial inversion with illocutionary value
Partial inversion caused by an initial constituent
Full inversion and information structure
Full inversion after a fronted adverbial
Full inversion after a fronted participial predication stack
Full inversion after a fronted subject complement
Full inversion after a fronted object
Inversion of other sentence constituents
Constituent order in subordinate clauses
Relative clauses
Interrogative clauses
Exclamatory clauses
Other finite, non-finite and verbless clauses
Position and order of adverbiale
Main positions in finite clauses
Initial position
Medial position
Terminal position
Overview of positions in finite clauses
Positions in non-finite clauses
Factors governing the distribution of adverbiale
Position, form and relative weight
Position and (contextual cohesion
Position and scope
Position and semantic clarity
Position and style
Relative position of adverbiale
Discontinuity
Discontinuousclauses
Discontinuous verb groups
Discontinuous noun and pronoun groups
Discontinuous preposition groups
Discontinuous adjective and adverb groups
Coordination and subordinationCoordination
Coordination and ellipsis
What can be coordinated?
Types of coordination
Coordinating conjunctions
SubordinationSubordination at clause level
Subordination at group level
Markers of clausal subordination
Subordinating conjunctions
Interrogative and relative pronouns
Complex subordinating conjunctions
Correlative subordinators
Other markers of subordination
The simple sentence
Introduction: simple and complex sentences
Referential properties: situations
Actionality: dynamic vs Stative situations
Subtypes of dynamic situations
Subtypes of states
Participant roles
Introduction: general roles
Specific roles
Additional points
Formal links
VoiceFunctions of the passive
Extended use of the passive
Voice restrictions
Nonfinite passives, GET-passivesand notional 'passives'
Passives vs adjectival non-passives
PolarityStandard negation
Domain of negation
Syntactic field of negation
Negative sentences with global domainand limited field
Local negation
Nonassertive forms
Semantic scope of negation
Non-declarative sentences
Emphasis and focus
Subject-predicator concordThe basic rule
Singular or plural subject realization?
Notional concord
Attraction
Other types of external concord
The complex sentenceClassification of subclauses
Subject clauses
Cleft sentences
Object clauses
Subject complement clauses
Indirect object clauses and object complement clauses
Adverbial clauses
Conditional clauses
Clausally realized disjuncts
Polarity in complex sentences
VerbalsVerb forms
The external relations of verbals
The internal structure of verb groups
Auxiliaries and their delimitation
Tense and aspectDeictic forms: present and past
Future forms
Perfect forms
Future perfect forms
Progressive forms: introduction
Present and past progressive forms
Future progressive forms
Perfect progressive forms
Future perfect progressive forms
Nonfinite progressive forms
Recapitulation
Tense-aspect in indirect speech
Tense-aspect in literary narrative
Modal uses of tense-aspect forms
MoodThe imperative
The subjunctive
ModalityMAY/MIGHT
CAN/COULD
MUST
SHALLfcHOULD
WILL/WOULD
Nominals
Preliminaries
Nouns and noun groups
The external relations of nominals
The internal structure of noun groups
The functional domain of nominals
Categorization
What's in a head?
The semantics of nouns
Gender
Types of nouns and referents
Countability
Recapitulation
Determination
Types of determiner
Co-occurring determiners: pre- and post-determiners
Determiners and quantifiers
Referentialorientation
The definite article
The indefinite article
Zero determination
The genitive
Quantification:the number category
The regular singular/plural distinction
Irregular plurals
Number-invariable nouns
Collective nouns
What is pluralized?
The uses of the singular and the plural
Pronominale
Preliminaries
Definition of the pronoun group
Classification of pronouns
The external relations of pronominals
The functional domain of pronominals
Central pronouns
Personal pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Pronouns without a person distinction
Demonstrative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Relative pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
Adjectivals and adverbals
Preliminary discussion of adjectivals
Adjectivesand adjective groups
Semantics
Morphology
The external relations of adjectivals
Parataxis and hypotaxis
Descriptive, classifying and specifying adjectives
Positional restrictions
Adjectival modification and positional ordering
The functional domain of adjectivals
Modificational zones
Inherent Mod I, Mod II and Mod Ill adjectives
Structure in and across Mod zones
Zone-internal order
Comparison of adjectives
The basic system of comparison
Spelling and pronunciation
Irregular comparison
The choice between morphological and syntactic comparison
The use of compared forms
The substantival use of adjectives
What is meant by'substantival use?
Generic and specific reference
Adverbals
Preliminaries
Morphology
VERY versus MUCH
The external relations of adverbals
ComparisonSubject index
Word index