Wyngaard J.C. Turbulence in the Atmosphere

Cambridge University Press,2010. — 406 p. — ISBN10: 0521887690Based on his 40+ years of research and teaching, John Wyngaard's textbook is an excellent up-to-date introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows for advanced students, and a reference work for researchers in the atmospheric sciences. Part I introduces the concepts and equations of turbulence. It includes a rigorous introduction to the principal types of numerical modeling of turbulent flows. Part II describes turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part III covers the foundations of the statistical representation of turbulence and includes illustrative examples of stochastic problems that can be solved analytically. The book treats atmospheric and engineering turbulence in a unified way, gives clear explanation of the fundamental concepts of modeling turbulence, and has an up-to-date treatment of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Student exercises are included at the ends of chapters, and worked solutions are available online for use by course instructors.A grammar of turbulenceTurbulence, its community, and our approach
The origins and nature of turbulence
Turbulence and surface fluxes
How do we study turbulence?
The equations of turbulence
Key properties of turbulence
Numerical modeling of turbulent flows
Physical modeling of turbulent flows
The impact of Kolmogorov
Getting to know turbulence
Average and instantaneous properties contrasted
Averaging
Ergodicity
The convergence of averages
The turbulence spectrum and the eddy velocity scale
Turbulent vorticity
Turbulent pressure
Eddy diffusivity
Reynolds-number similarity
Coherent structures
Equations for averaged variablesEnsemble-averaged equations
Interpreting the ensemble-averaged equations
Space-averaged equationsTurbulent fluxesTemperature flux in a boundary layer
Mass flux in scalar diffusion
Momentum flux in channel flow
The “mixture length”Conservation equations for covariances
Introduction and background
The fluctuation equations
Example: The scalar variance equation
The scalar flux and Reynolds stress budgets
Applications
From the covariance equations to turbulence models
Large-eddy dynamics, the energy cascade, and large-eddy simulationMore on space averaging
A “thought problem”: equilibrium homogeneous turbulence
Application to flows homogeneous in two dimensions
The physical mechanisms of interscale transfer
Large-eddy simulation
Kolmogorov scaling, its extensions, and two-dimensional turbulence
The inertial subrange
Applications of inertial-range scaling
The dissipative range
Revised Kolmogorov scaling
Two-dimensional turbulence
Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer
The equations of atmospheric turbulenceThe governing equations for a dry atmosphere
Accounting for water vapor, liquid water, and phase change
The averaged equations for moist air
The atmospheric boundary layer
Overview
The surface energy balance
Buoyancy effects
Average vs. instantaneous structure
Quasi-steadiness and local homogeneity
The mean-momentum equations
The atmospheric surface layer
The “constant-flux” layer
Monin–Obukhov similarity
Asymptotic behavior of M-O similarity
Deviations from M-O similarity
The convective boundary layerThe mixed layer: velocity fields
The mixed layer: conserved-scalar fields
The interfacial layer
The stable boundary layerThe late-afternoon ABL transition over land
The quasi-steady SBL
The evolving SBL
Modeling the equilibrium height of neutral and stable ABLs
Statistical representation of turbulence
Probability densities and distributionsProbability statistics of scalar functions of a single variable
Examples of probability densities
The evolution equation for the probability density
Isotropic tensorsCartesian tensors
Determining the form of isotropic tensors
Implications of isotropy
Local isotropy
Covariances, autocorrelations, and spectraScalar functions of a single variable
Scalar functions of space and time
Vector functions of space and time
Joint vector and scalar functions of space and time
Spectra in the plane
Statistics in turbulence analysis
Evolution equations for spectra
The analysis and interpretation of turbulence signals
Probe-induced flow distortion